The Reasearch Vehicles of Mercedes-Benz
F 200 Imagination (1996)
Does the car of the future still have a steering wheel and foot-operated controls? The Mercedes-Benz F 200 Imagination, presented at the 1996 Paris Motor Show, systematically tested a new ergonomic concept and was the product of the joint efforts of engineers and designers.
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Sidesticks – small joysticks in the doors and the centre console for steering and braking – replace the steering wheel. The signals are exclusively transmitted electronically to the relevant components (drive-by-wire). The conventional mechanical control elements used by the driver are now linked to electric and hydraulic actuators, and electronic pulses carry out the desired actions.
Facts
Goals
Testing of new ergonomic concepts
based on drive-by-wire
technology, cockpit design
Powertrain
Four-stroke spark-ignition engine,
12 cylinders, six litres’ displacement,
290 kW (394 hp), rear-wheel
drive, five-speed electronically
controlled automatic transmission
Technical Highlights
Sidesticks instead of a steering wheel: drive-by-wire
Window-Airbag
  • Production launch in the Mercedes-Benz E-Class
    (1998, W 210 series)
Forward-looking dynamic handling control system
Active Body Control (ABC)
  • Production launch in the Mercedes-Benz CL
    (1999, C 215 series)
Headlight system featuring variable light distribution
  • Production launch as bi-xenon headlights with
    Active Light Function in the Mercedes-Benz E-Class
    (2003, W 211 series)
Video cameras in place of rear-view mirrors
Electro-transparent panoramic glass roof
  • Production launch with the panoramic roof
    of the Maybach 62 (2002)
Swivelling gullwing doors
  • Production launch in the Mercedes-Benz
    SLR McLaren (2003, C 199 series)
Voice recognition for mobile phone
  • Production launch under the name
    LINGUATRONIC in the Mercedes-Benz S-Class
    (1996, W 140 series)
Sidestick instead of steering wheel
 When the driver pushes the sidestick forward, the F 200 Imagination accelerates. If he then moves the lever to the right or left, the vehicle steers to the right or left. If he pulls the lever back, the vehicle brakes and, if desired, reverses after coming to a standstill. Should the driver need a break, he can switch the system to the front seat passenger’s sidestick.
Drive-by-wire is a technical solution that also allows the interior to be improved, for example. If the steering wheel and the pedals are removed, the passengers have more space and thus more comfort. It also enhances safety because the cockpit and footwell can be designed completely  differently.
The F 200 Imagination embodies the systematic networking of electronic systems. One result is futuristic dynamic handling. The electronics recognise  he driver’s commands as requests for a certain driving mode – accelerate, brake, steer, reverse – and decide in a flash how to comply with the commands in the best and safest manner. In response to the actual situation, the computer utilises the information from various sensors concerning travel, wheel and engine speed, road conditions and body movement.
Electronics as an active driving aid
Based on the data, the computer decides, for example, how sharply the wheels should be turned when cornering, or what engine speed is appropriate for driving on a wet road. The system is interlinked with the active suspension Active Body Control, (ABC). Even in critical traffic situations, the electronics keep the car safely on course by intervening at lightning speed to regulate steering, braking, engine or transmission management and chassis control.
The driver can fully utilise the technical capabilities of the car without transgressing physical limits – a genuine advantage for safety. The electronically controlled rear spoiler system of the F 200 Imagination also enhances safety, setting itself upright in a flash and creating drag for better deceleration when an emergency braking situation is detected.
The F 200 Imagination research car presents further innovative technology. The headlights, for instance, feature variable light distribution. Six individual reflectors in each module, each with a separate bulb, are switched on and off depending on the situation and speed. This ensures optimum light without dazzling oncoming traffic. In bends, the light follows the wheel angle set by the driver, thus enhancing safety when driving at night. At high speeds on motorways, an additional spot reflector is switched on to improve the illumination of the roadway far ahead. The rear end sports a very compact light unit, incorporating nine separate functions: turn signal, rear light, rear fog lamp, brake light, reversing light, rear reflector, side reflector, side-marker light and ambient light. The unobtrusive indicator panel – a slender, arched neon tube –is distinguished by high luminous power and a long life.
Debut of the window airbag
Safety has always been a priority for Mercedes-Benz. This commitment is demonstrated in the F 200 Imagination by the first-ever window airbag. It inflates across the side walls and considerably reduces the risk of head injuries in side crashes and rollovers. Since the coupé study does not have a steering wheel, the front airbags are incorporated in a kneepad underneath the dashboard.
Instead of the conventional rear-view mirrors, the experts installed a video system with five permanent mini-cameras. Four of them are discreetly concealed in the roof frame struts on each side of the car and, out on the road, they constantly monitor the areas alongside and behind the vehicle. The fifth camera is in the rear bumper and automatically switches on when the vehicle reverses. The images appear on various monitors in the vehicle interior, where normally the mirrors would be located.
Groundbreaking design
A large, advanced coupé, the F 200 Imagination anticipated the major design features of the Mercedes-Benz CL (C 215 series) that made its debut in 1999. The F 200 Imagination has a transparent roof to flood the interior with light. At the push of a button, the electro-transparent glass can be darkened to avoid excessive heating of the interior due to strong solar radiation. The glass has an intermediate layer in the form of a liquid crystal film of electrically conductive plastic. Electric current causes the crystals to arrange themselves so that the glass is transparent. This roof is a standard feature of the Maybach 62.
Findings for large-scale production
Especially when considering its overall characteristics, the F 200 Imagination is revealed as a truly pioneering research vehicle. Its electronics prepared the ground for new concepts and will play an even greater role in future cars. The F 200 Imagination was the forerunner of a special Mercedes-Benz SL in the R 129 series. It was equipped with electronic steering and sidesticks for test purposes in 1998 and was used for intensive trials. 
Although steering, braking and accelerating with sidesticks requires the driver to think differently, it opens up new dimensions in driving dynamics, ride comfort and handling safety. The steering ratio and steering forces can be customised and adapted to specific situations – parking is different from negotiating a fast curve. To brake, the foot no longer has to move from the accelerator to the brake pedal, which enables the driver to respond more quickly.
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